Harold Norman Moldenke

La numérisation des échantillions d'herbiers nous permet de mieux comprendre la complexité des récits relatifs à la Première Guerre mondiale et à ses conséquences, tant scientifiques que sociétales. L'herborisation pendant la Première Guerre mondiale était plus répandue qu'on ne le pensait auparavant, elle contribuait au bien‐être psychologique des personnes impliquées et continue à améliorer les connaissances floristiques. Le patrimoine matériel issu des herborisations en temps de guerre, conservé dans les herbiers, devient maintenant véritablement accessible à des études multidisciplinaires. De plus, il y a des leçons à tirer de l'histoire quand au manque de suivi dans la publication de ces collections, car celles‐ci constituent une base importante pour toute action de restauration des paysages après un conflit.

Abstract Introductions of new crops can provide alternate market opportunities, but also pose ecological risks. New crops lack established management, have uncertain performance issues, and may become weedy in their introduced region. The introduction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) into southern Florida poses a unique introduction scenario because of the subtropical climate and no commercial production on record, unlike in other eastern and midwest United States. We assessed escape from cultivation for hemp by tracking establishment and reproduction of volunteer plants from the earliest modern hemp planting in Florida. Hemp is a weed across much of the United States matching its historical distribution and has been assessed to be of high invasion risk for Florida because of its biological attributes, history of escape, and colonization in other states and countries. We conducted monitoring of volunteer plants and a seed establishment experiment in southern Florida and found that hemp volunteer plants occurred in pulses over time, with variable and declining germination. Volunteer plants persisted for up to two years and appeared in areas that were disked and mowed according to USDA approved hemp crop termination procedures. In the seed establishment experiment, we found that hemp established in disturbed soils (∼9% of seeds planted) and that mean plant heights and seed counts were positively related to soil disturbance and nutrient addition. These findings show that hemp plantings should be monitored for volunteer establishment, and containment plans should be in place to control the establishment of volunteer hemp plants in agricultural fields. Our study further illustrates the need for multi-year monitoring and repeat termination procedures to ensure containment of hemp volunteers. There was limited evidence of volunteer establishment in surrounding areas and on undisturbed land. However, seed containment, equipment cleaning, and the monitoring of nearby fields and seed transportation routes remains warranted.

Abstract Trichomes are diverse and functionally important plant structures that vary in response to selection pressures across ecological gradients and evolutionary timescales. Classic hypotheses predict higher investment in trichomes in arid environments, at lower latitudes, and in long-lived species, as well as shifts in trichome production to reduce conflict between defense traits and mutualisms. However, tests of these hypotheses often rely on aggregate trichome metrics and neglect the rich diversity of trichome phenotypes. Here, we collected data on fine-scale patterns of trichome length, density, and type in 52 species of blazingstars (Mentzelia: Loasaceae) and tested whether individual trichome traits were consistent with existing adaptive hypotheses. Contrary to longstanding hypotheses, we found that Mentzelia species tend to display greater trichome investment in less arid environments and at higher latitudes. Barbed trichomes are significantly less common on the upper surface of the leaf, possibly reducing defense-pollination conflict. Species with larger petals (a proxy for reliance on insect pollinators) also shift investment away from insect-trapping hairs on the underside of the leaf. Examining trichome types separately revealed that different morphologies show distinct responses to abiotic and biotic factors, demonstrating the need to consider multiple axes of diversity when testing adaptive hypotheses for complex traits.

Prunus persica (peach), a well-known fruit species belonging to the family Rosaceae, has a long history of human consumption. Its hard and easily preserved fruitstones (endocarps) have often been found at archaeological sites in many parts of the world. However, there are several species within Prunus subg. Prunus sect. Persica with similar stone morphologies. In order to correctly identify the stones of P. persica and related taxa, we first sampled, described and analysed the stone morphological characteristics of all five species in sect. Persica , together with the related taxa P . armeniaca , P . mume and P . salicina . Then detailed fruitstone descriptions and measurements were made together with an illustrated key to the various species, to enable the identification of peaches at species level and to explore and understand the processes of domestication, cultivation and distribution of P. persica and its allies.

AbstractPremiseBiotic disjunctions have attracted scientific attention for the past 200 years. Despite being represented in many familiar plants (such as bald cypress, flowering dogwood, sweetgum, partridgeberry, etc.), the eastern North American (ENA)–Mexican (M) disjunction remains poorly understood. Major outstanding questions include the divergence times of taxa exhibiting the disjunction and environmental/geological processes that may underlie the disjunction. Symphyotrichum Nees (Asteraceae), one of the most diverse genera in the eastern USA, displays several examples of disjunct ENA–M taxa.MethodsWe generated target capture data using the Angiosperms353 baitset and generated the first well‐sampled phylogenomic hypothesis for Symphyotrichum and its close relatives. Focusing on S. subgenus Virgulus, we used MCMCTREE to perform divergence time estimation and the R package BioGeoBEARS to infer ancestral regions and biogeographic transitions between North America and Mexico. Finally, we used the ancestral niche reconstruction method Utremi to test for a role of historical aridification in generating the disjunction.ResultsOur molecular data suggest a recent radiation of Symphyotrichum at the Plio‐Pleistocene boundary (~2.5 mya), with early connections to Mexico in ancestral lineages that closed off shortly after and were followed by vicariance across this region. Except for some present‐day broadly distributed species, there is a complete lack of movement between ENA and M after ~0.5 mya.ConclusionsA reconstructed disjunct distribution of suitable habitat in Pleistocene climatic models corroborates results from biogeographic modeling and confirms glacial cycles are more likely to be associated with the breakup of ENA–M biogeographic connections.

En Santander, Colombia, asociado al valle del Magdalena Medio se presentan serranías con remanentes boscosos que contrastan con las zonas deforestadas de las partes bajas. Presentamos una serie (90 especímenes de 48 especies) de la Serranía de La Paz, Betulia, catalogada en la Colección de Ornitología del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS-AV) y que proviene principalmente de una expedición en 2023 con el objetivo de estudiar su avifauna a partir de especímenes. La composición de especies de esta serie se comparó con la de otras series de UIS-AV recolectadas recientemente en el Magdalena Medio, y con una serie recolectada en la misma serranía en 1956 cuya información fue obtenida en el GBIF. Nuestra serie de la Serranía de La Paz comparte más especies con un área de bosque continuo en Bolívar que con fragmentos de bosque en Santander. Aunque varias especies de la Serranía de La Paz se registran en otros sitios del Magdalena Medio, nuestra serie incluye a Cotinga nattererii, Trogon rufus y Trogon caligatus que son especies con pocos especímenes para Santander que fueron recolectados hace más de 70 años, además de Euphonia concinna que representa un registro novedoso para el departamento. El 90 % de las especies recolectadas en 1956 están en UIS-AV o se registraron en 2023, pero Psarocolius wagleri, Cacicus cela y Falco sparverius, estuvieron ausentes. La Serranía de La Paz tiene especies de aves características de bosques del Magdalena Medio y puede ser un sitio apropiado para conservarlas.

The family Onocleaceae represents a small family of terrestrial ferns, with four genera and around five species. It has a circumboreal to north temperate distribution, and exhibits a disjunct distribution between Eurasia and North America, including Mexico. Historically, the taxonomy and classification of this family has been subject to debate and contention among scholars, leading to contradictory classifications and disagreements on the number of genera and species within the family. Furthermore, due to this disjunct intercontinental distribution and the lack of detailed study across its wide range, this family merits further study to clarify its distributional pattern. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions were based on a concatenated sequence dataset for 17 plastid loci and one nuclear locus, which were generated from 106 ingroup and six outgroup taxa from three families. Phylogenetic analyses support that Onocleaceae is composed of four main clades, and Pentarhizidium was recovered as the first branching lineages in Onocleaceae. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction analyses suggest that the stem group of Onocleaceae originated in Late Cretaceous, with subsequent diversification and establishment of the genera Matteuccia, Onoclea, Onocleopsis, and Pentarhizidium during the Paleogene and Neogene. The ancestors of Matteuccia, Onoclea, and Onocleopsis could have migrated to North America via the Beringian land bridge or North Atlantic land bridge which suggests that the diversification of Matteuccia + Onoclea + Onocleopsis closely aligns with the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). In addition, these results suggest that Onocleaceae species diversity peaks during the late Neogene to Quaternary. Studies such as this enhance our understanding of the mechanisms and climatic conditions shaping disjunct distribution in ferns and lycophytes of eastern Asia, North America, and Mexico and contribute to a growing body of evidence from other taxa, to advance our understanding of the origins and migration of plants across continents.

Without appropriate and ongoing management interventions, weeds will continue to economically and environmentally disadvantage agricultural and natural ecosystems. For these management strategies to have long‐term sustained success, they need to carefully consider the biological aspects of the targeted weed. These strategies will also need to consider potential adaptations evolved by the targeted weed in response to a range of selection pressures imposed by anthropogenetic factors, climate change, changing environmental conditions, and inappropriate or unsuccessful management regimes. One group of weeds that has been observed to readily adapt to a wide range of conditions and has shown considerable challenges in their management is invasive grasses. Adding to these challenges is that several invasive grasses have also developed resistance to a range of herbicide modes of action, which, to date, has been one of the most commonly used methods of control. To address these challenges, this review explores the biology and ecology of the globally invasive annuals Echinochloa crus‐galli (Barnyard grass) and Panicum capillare (Witchgrass), and the perennial Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) to identify (i) the most suitable management options for their control and (ii) potential research gaps that may assist in the future management direction of these species. Based on the findings of this review, it is clear that an integrated management approach that targets different aspects of the plant's biology, in combination with early detection and treatment and ongoing surveillance, is necessary for the long‐term control of these species. Although a combination of methods appears promising, further investigation still is required to evaluate their efficiency and long‐term success in a changing environment, all of which are further discussed within this review.

The flowering phenology of many tropical mountain forest tree species remains poorly understood, including flowering synchrony and its drivers across neotropical ecosystems. We obtained herbarium records for 427 tree species from a long-term monitoring transect on the northwestern Ecuadorian Andes, sourced from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Herbario Nacional del Ecuador. Using machine learning algorithms, we identified flowering phenophases from digitized specimen labels and applied circular statistics to build phenological calendars across six climatic regions within the neotropics. We found 47 939 herbarium records, of which 14 938 were classified as flowering by Random Forest Models. We constructed phenological calendars for six regions and 86 species with at least 20 flowering records. Phenological patterns varied considerably across regions, among species within regions, and within species across regions. There was limited interannual synchronicity in flowering patterns within regions primarily driven by bimodal species whose flowering peaks coincided with irradiance peaks. The predominantly high variability of phenological patterns among species and within species likely confers adaptative advantages by reducing interspecific competition during reproductive periods and promoting species coexistence in highly diverse regions with little or no seasonality.

Understanding the drivers of species richness patterns is a major goal of ecology and evolutionary biology, and the drivers vary across regions and taxa. Here, we assessed the influence of environmental factors and evolutionary history on the pattern of species richness in the genus Sorbus (110 species). We mapped the global species richness pattern of Sorbus at a spatial resolution of 200 × 200 km, using 10,652 specimen records. We used stepwise regression to assess the relationship between 23 environmental predictors and species richness and estimated the diversification rate of Sorbus based on chloroplast genome data. The effects of environmental factors were explained by adjusted R2, and evolutionary factors were inferred based on differences in diversification rates. We found that the species richness of Sorbus was highest in the Hengduan Mountains (HDM), which is probably the center of diversity. Among the selected environmental predictors, the integrated model including all environmental predictors had the largest explanatory power for species richness. The determinants of species richness show regional differences. On the global and continental scale, energy and water availability become the main driving factors. In contrast, climate seasonality is the primary factor in the HDM. The diversification rate results showed no significant differences between HDM and non-HDM, suggesting that evolutionary history may have limited impact on the pattern of Sorbus species richness. We conclude that environmental factors play an important role in shaping the global pattern of Sorbus species richness, while diversification rates have a lesser impact.